putting things in perspective...
i'm taking a physical anthropology class this semester...and in the textbook...nestled in the back...is a short little commentary that may or may not have escaped the editor's notice...it's the type ov thing i tend to think about ophten when i hear people talk about various issues...but i wonder just how many others do so also...so i'm typing it out phor you...i hope i'm not breaking any laws...so to be saphe i'll start with all the book inpho...anyway hope this makes at least one person rethink our place in the scheme ov things...
Essentials of Physical Anthropology, Fifth Edition (2004)
By Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan, Harry Nelson
Published by Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Excerpt taken from Chapter 14, pgs. 358-359
(i even typed it out ophicially...with ephs and everthing...happy now?)
Essentials of Physical Anthropology, Fifth Edition (2004)
By Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan, Harry Nelson
Published by Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Excerpt taken from Chapter 14, pgs. 358-359
(i even typed it out ophicially...with ephs and everthing...happy now?)
How Successful Are We?
As we have emphasized, humans are animals and, more specifically, primates. Like all life forms on earth, our very existance is based in the molecule DNA. As all living forms share this same genetic foundation, it is highly probable that all life has evolved from a common ancestor and that human beings are part of a continuum made up of biologically related species.
Yet, we humans tend to view ourselves as separate from all other life forms, and we have come to regard our species as the masters of the planet. In Western cultures, this view has been reinforced by the conventionally held Old Testament assertion that humans shall have dominion over the nonhuman animals. The teachings of Islam and certain other religions and philosophies can also be interpreted in a similar manner. (The Old Testament, in Genesis, actually presents two seperate versions; the second conveys a quite different meaning: that humans are to have "stewardship" over other animals.) Moreover, there is the prevailing view that nature represents an array of resources that exists primarily to be exploited for the betterment of humankind. This view is as widely held today, unfortunately, as ever before. More than merely being anthropocentric, such a perspective reveals a misplaced, unjustified arrogance.
By most standards, Homo sapiens is a successful species. There are currently more than 6 billion human beings living on this planet. Each one of these 6,000,000,000 individuals comprises upwards of 20 trillion cells. Nevertheless, we and all other multicellular organisms contribute but a small fraction of all the cells on the planet--the vast majority of which are bacteria. Thus, if we see life ultimately as a competition among reproducing organisms, bacteria are the winners, hands down.
Bacteria, then, could be viewed as the dominant life form on earth. However, even when only considering mulitcellular animals, there are additional lessons in evolutionary humility. As mammals, we are members of a group that includes about 4,000 species--a group of animals that has been on the decline over the last several million years. Looking even more specifically, as primates, we see ourselves belonging to a grouping that today numbers not even 200 species (and is also probably declining since its peak several million years ago). Compare these species numbers with those estimated for insects. Over 750,000 insect species have been identified, and estimates are as high as 30 million! Number of species (as an indicator of biological diversity) is as good a barometer of evolutionary success as any other. By this standard, humans (and our close relatives) could hardly be seen as the most successful of species.
Evolutionary success can also be gauged by species longevity. As we have seen, fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens has been on the scen for at least 200,000 years and perhaps as long as 400,000 years. Such a time span, seen through the perspective of a human lifetime, may seem enormous. But consider this: Our immediate predecessor, Homo erectus, had a species longevity of about 1.5 million years. In other words, we as a species would need to exist another million years simply to match Homo erectus! If such considerations as these are not humbling enough, remember that some sharks and turtles have thrived basically unchanged structurally for 400 million years (although many of these species are now seriously threatened).
As we have emphasized, humans are animals and, more specifically, primates. Like all life forms on earth, our very existance is based in the molecule DNA. As all living forms share this same genetic foundation, it is highly probable that all life has evolved from a common ancestor and that human beings are part of a continuum made up of biologically related species.
Yet, we humans tend to view ourselves as separate from all other life forms, and we have come to regard our species as the masters of the planet. In Western cultures, this view has been reinforced by the conventionally held Old Testament assertion that humans shall have dominion over the nonhuman animals. The teachings of Islam and certain other religions and philosophies can also be interpreted in a similar manner. (The Old Testament, in Genesis, actually presents two seperate versions; the second conveys a quite different meaning: that humans are to have "stewardship" over other animals.) Moreover, there is the prevailing view that nature represents an array of resources that exists primarily to be exploited for the betterment of humankind. This view is as widely held today, unfortunately, as ever before. More than merely being anthropocentric, such a perspective reveals a misplaced, unjustified arrogance.
By most standards, Homo sapiens is a successful species. There are currently more than 6 billion human beings living on this planet. Each one of these 6,000,000,000 individuals comprises upwards of 20 trillion cells. Nevertheless, we and all other multicellular organisms contribute but a small fraction of all the cells on the planet--the vast majority of which are bacteria. Thus, if we see life ultimately as a competition among reproducing organisms, bacteria are the winners, hands down.
Bacteria, then, could be viewed as the dominant life form on earth. However, even when only considering mulitcellular animals, there are additional lessons in evolutionary humility. As mammals, we are members of a group that includes about 4,000 species--a group of animals that has been on the decline over the last several million years. Looking even more specifically, as primates, we see ourselves belonging to a grouping that today numbers not even 200 species (and is also probably declining since its peak several million years ago). Compare these species numbers with those estimated for insects. Over 750,000 insect species have been identified, and estimates are as high as 30 million! Number of species (as an indicator of biological diversity) is as good a barometer of evolutionary success as any other. By this standard, humans (and our close relatives) could hardly be seen as the most successful of species.
Evolutionary success can also be gauged by species longevity. As we have seen, fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens has been on the scen for at least 200,000 years and perhaps as long as 400,000 years. Such a time span, seen through the perspective of a human lifetime, may seem enormous. But consider this: Our immediate predecessor, Homo erectus, had a species longevity of about 1.5 million years. In other words, we as a species would need to exist another million years simply to match Homo erectus! If such considerations as these are not humbling enough, remember that some sharks and turtles have thrived basically unchanged structurally for 400 million years (although many of these species are now seriously threatened).
